Study questions

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Critical Thinking #6

If a woman whose blood is RH-negative and contains anti-Rh antibodies is carrying a fetus with RH-negative blood, will the fetus be in danger of developing erythroblastosis fetalis? Why or why not?
No, the fetus would only be in danger if it was carrying an opposite blood charge( Rh-positive). Since both the fetus and the mother are RH-negative, erythroblastosis should not occur.

Review Exercises: 3, 6, 10, 14, 18, 27, 38, and 39

Describe a red blood cell: tiny biconcave disks that means they are thin around the center, and thicker around the rims

Describe the life cycle of a red blood: in their early stages they have nuclei. However they become less and less active. When they become less active the spleen and liver remove them.

List two sources of iron that can be used for the syntheseis of hemoblobin

Describe a blood platelet, and explain its functions.: they are not complete cells, they come from megakaryocytes. They help repair damaged blood vessels by sticking to broken surfaces. They also reduce blood flow.

Distinguish between low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein: Verry Low-density lipoproteins have a high concentraion of triglycerides. Low-density lipoproteins have a high concentraion of cholestorol , which carry lipoproteins. High-density lipoproteins have a high concentration of protein and a lower concentraion of lipids.

List the major steps leading to the formation of a blood clot.
First, release of biochemicals from broken blood vessels or damaged tissue triggers extrinsic clotting mechanism. This stimulates the intrinsic clotting mechanism.

Explain why a person with blood type AB is sometimes called a universal recipient.
Because they lack both anti-A and anti--B antibodies, they can receive a transfusion of blood of any other type.

Explain why a person with blood type O is sometimes called a universal donor.
It lacks antignes A and B, this menas it can be transfused into persons with any kind of blood.

Pages 647 and 648
Review Exercises: 2, 4, 6, 10, 19, and 36

Describe the pericardium: The pericardium encloses the heart and the closer end of the blood vessels in which it is attached.

Identify and describe the locations of the chambers and the valves of the heart.
Four hollow chambers, two on the left, two on the right.
the upper chambers are called the atria, the lower are called the ventricles.
The tricuspid valve is between the right atrium and the right ventricle. it allows the blood to move from the atrium into the ventricle and prevents it from moving backwards.
The bicuspid valve prvents the blood from flowing back into the left atrium from the ventricle , it is located on the left.

Trace the path of the blood through the heart
Enters through right atrium. continues towards the right ventricle. moves through the pulmonary valve and into the capilaries. goes through pulmonary veins and heads out through the left atrium, next they head to the left ventricle. last the pass through the aortic valve.

Explain the origin of heart sounds: heart sounds come from vibrations in heart tissue when blood moves through.

Describe the structure and function of a capillary
they are the smallest blood vessels and they connect the smallest arterioles and smallest venules. They also house the exchanges of gases, nutrients, and metabolic by-products between the blood and the tissue.


Describe the relationship between the major venous pathways and the major arterial pathways.
They are connected in performing the function of distributing blood , oxygen, and nutrients throughout the body

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Review Exercises: 1, 3, 5, 9, 16, 22, 23, 31, 35, and 36

Distinguish between the upper and lower respiratory tracts.

Explain how the nose and nasal cavity filter incoming air. The internal hairs of the nostrils prevent large particles carried in the air from entering the nose.

Distinguish between the pharynx and the larynx.
The pharynx is a passageway for food and air. The larynx is also a passegway for air moving in and out of the trachea. THe larynx is inferior to the pharynx.

List the successive branches of the bronchial tree, from the primary bronchi to the alveoli.
Starts with the right and left primary bronchi. later it divides into secondary bronchi (lobar). Next it divides into tertiary bronchi (segmental). Next they turn into intralobular brochioles. The next branch is the Terminal bronchioes. After there are the Respiratory bronchioles. After there are the Alveolar ducts. Then there are the Alveolar sacs. Finally there are the Alveoli.

Define surfactant, and explain its function: Surfactant is a mixture of lipoproteins which is secreted into alveolar air spaces. It helps you breathe by making it easier for the alveoli to inflate.

Compare the mechanisms of coughing and sneezing, and explain the function of each.
Coughing and sneezing are similar in the fact that they both clear passageways of foreign objects. Coughs force air upwards from the lower respiratory tracts and Sneezes Force air upwards from the upper respiratory tracts.

Explain the function of yawning. yawning is used to help ventilate alveoli, it allows the blood to receive more oxygen.

Define hyperventilatioin, and explain how it affect the respiratory center.
Hyperventilation lowers the blood carbon dioxide concentration below normal.
after it takes longer for carbon dioxide to reach normal levels.

Describe how oxygen is transported in blood.
Oxygen travels through the blood bound to hemoglobin. It later dissolves and mixes with hemoglobin.

List three factors that increase release of oxygen from the blood.
oxyhemoglobin increases the realease of oxygen as the blood ph decreases.
Also Increase in temperature
And also an increase in carbon dioxide acidity.